The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks

Historical Overview Wikileaks appeared in 2006 and people often describe it as a nongovernmental organization, made of various global classified media, most of which bear anonymous identities. However, the initial facilitators of wikileaks are self-proclaimed Chinese nonconformists assisted by various parties from five different continents, who had personal reasons for supply of questionably deficient information through distribution millions of documents from various countries globally.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Miller-Jones (17, 2010), by January 2010, wikileaks was made up of five permanent employees and approximately eight hundred different volunteers from different countries worldwide. The identities of majority of these wikileaks volunteers are still anonymous. Existence of Wikileaks Tracing the existence of Wikileaks indicates that this is a strong organization made of various resourceful people from various locations globally. In line with reports from Star of New York Times (1, 2011), the Wikileaks was co-founded by Julian Assange and his attorney Jennifer Robinson. Julian Assange is a fugitive in United Kingdom of Australian origin with various warrants of arrests from different countries placed against him for sex-related crimes (Radermecker and Guichaoua, 5, 2011). A Stockholm court wants him for charges involving suspicion of rape, illegal intimidation and other sexual assaults. In 30th November 2010, he was placed among the top wanted suspects on the INTERPOL list for sexual-related crimes. Organized Crime Agencies from UK placed requests to Sweden, who acted in accordance with the appeal and followed suit to issue a warrant of arrest (Radermecker and Guichaoua, 5, 2011). Close analysis of a case filed under office of Australia’s Attorney General against Julian Assang e, authorities still indicate high possibilities of cancelling his passport and charging him for bleaching criminal laws by releasing unsubstantiated information through the US diplomatic cables. Wikileaks Registration Wikileaks is rightfully registered to John Shipton, Kristinn Hrafnsson is Wikileaks spokes person. Jacob Appelbaum, an IT specialist and a media consultant in U.S., also has a very close connection to Wikileaks. Although the status of Kristinn and Jacob are not certain, the five permanent employees of Wikileaks are arguably, Julian Assange, his attorney Jennifer Robinson, John Shipton, Kristinn Hrafnsson and Jacob Appelbaum.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization has very strong volunteers including Theodar Reppe the host of wakipedia.de who is also a media consultant in U.S. James Ball and Jennifer 8. Lee identified as U.S. nationals, fre elance journalists as well as media consultants. David House and Daniel Mathews are also U.S nationals who volunteer to the organization and are both freelance journalists (Domscheit-Berg, 2, 2011). Wikileaks Capabilities According to Miller-Jones (29, 2010), contributions and support of specialist like Glenn Greenwald are very strong such that their refrain from the organization would easily lead to the collapse of Wikileaks. Both the employees and top volunteers of Wikileaks are strong professionals who have some form of liberal minds but who can easily change exploits to preserve their professionalism over fame and personal reasons. Wikileaks uses various global web hosts such as the famous PeRiQuito abbreviated PRQ server in Sweden owned by Pirate Bay co-founders, the Amazon of the U.S. and OVH of France hosting its focal site on IP address 088.080.013.160. Despite this global publicity, Wikileaks still boasts as untraceable or undistinguishable system with massive sources of gl obal information leaks. The main repository for the documents is in Sweden under the PRQ web host indentified through 088.080.002.032 address. Various global volunteers have private ownership of other Wikileaks’ domains or sub-domains. The main mirror site of Wikileaks exists in Switzerland hosted by the ImproWare AG web host addressed 087.102.255.157. The recent disconnection of Wikileaks from Amazon web server a U.S. company has forced them to depend on services of Bahnhof AB web host based in Sweden, whose location is literally â€Å"A cold War bomb shelter† as shown in the picture below (Leigh and Harding, 4, 2011). Immediate transfer from the Amazon host in U.S to Bahnhof AB web host is an indication that those managing Wikileaks are determined and conscious of its undertakings and is ready to protect its anonymous identity especially of the volunteers by constantly shifting its host internationally. Wikileaks Survival Tactics Wikileaks is able to conceal its ide ntity by incorporating its activities in various global incorporations. Their listing is also under various countries’ registered firms who provide full protection under different laws. According to reports from Star (1, 2011), some of the known firms include â€Å"an Australian based library, a newspaper print based in Sweden, a France foundation, and two anonymous tax exempted non-profit making organization based in United States.† The Wikileaks founders and managers also ensure protection by choosing safe and significant places where laws are protective enough, for instance the recent releases occurred from Iceland where laws on freedom of speech are extremely protective.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wikileaks Strengths and Weaknesses The ability to maintain a wide range of volunteers submitting information w ithout any form of coordination or supervision means that there are enough supplies of leaks. Wikileaks also have a wide infrastructure made of many organizations who willing submit information. This is an indication that it is very hard or pointless for governments to bother in stopping the distribution of information. Once a web host is shut down, they are able to get a new host immediately and continue supplying information. Contrary, Wikileaks is not financially stable various governments are able to collaboratively block some sources of fund from supporters. People are fearful of possible security attacks when they submit information to the known Wikileaks servers such as the Sweden server. There are high doubts and fear among volunteers over the issues of personal security when communicating with Wikileaks, probably the reason why many volunteers are refraining from its activities since the exposure. The exposure of founder Julian Assange has also fractured the organization si nce he is implicated in various sexual-related crimes and many people would not wish to be associated with him, to avoid negative impressions. Julian has also formed a form of attack to the U.S. government by selectively releasing demurring information about the government (Radermecker and Guichaoua, 5, 2011). The high publicity that Wikileaks is receiving is not a good since the information attack on various organizations and governments may generate pressure for a counter-attack. Governments are failing to stop the leaks of information because they lack enough time to come up with the appropriate infrastructure that can support this form of highly dynamic network. Wikileaks threats require some comprehensive scrutiny of information and implementation of capable infrastructure as well as expertise to counter cyber threats, frauds, and have skills of analyzing the destiny and sources of information and exploitation of the social form of media. Conclusion Wikileaks is made of a netwo rk of people with a mission of delivering a mass of document leaks. It is therefore not one person or an organization but a combination of social media made by people who are enthusiastic to persistently place threats. This means that even if the governments managed to put good investigative teams or agencies to shut down Wikileaks, the document supplies will continue and find other ways of protesting government acts. Various technology experts such as HBGary Federal agencies, Palantir and Berico expertise have been put in place to combat Wikileaks’ information releases, which is widely accused of lacking sufficient proof and proper editorial discretion policies.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bibliography Domscheit-Berg, D. (2011). Inside WikiLeaks: My Time With Julian Assange at the ` World’s Most Dangerous Website. New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group. Leigh, D Harding L. (2011). WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange’s War on Secrecy. New York, NY: PublicAffairs Publishers. Miller-Jones, E.R. (2010). Wikileaks. Mauritius: Fastbook publishers. Radermecker, S Guichaoua, V. (2011). Julian Assange – WikiLeaks: Warrior for Truth. Montreal, Canada: Cogito Media Group. Star, A. (2011). Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War and American Diplomacy. New York, NY: New York Times Company. This research paper on The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks was written and submitted by user Garrett B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mary Lyon essays

Mary Lyon essays In the nineteenth century there was a growing demand for womens education. Many reformers changed the education system, but perhaps none more than Mary Lyon. Lyon was the most prominent advocator of womens education in the 1800s and she took many steps to improve the type of schooling females could receive. Many people were involved in this reform. A great majority of supporters were women who sought a higher education. While Mary Lyon was the main leader of the movement, she might have accomplished little without the backing of several wealthy male investors who put finances into the college she founded, the Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary. The movement took place in the early nineteenth century leading up to the establishment of Mt. Holyoke in 1837 and continuing for many years afterward. While Mary Lyon did pioneer education for women, it is important to note that reform did not end with her. Lyon simply was one of the first to put force behind the movement and others picked up her cause as the years went by. Born in Buckland, Massachusetts, Lyon focused the reform movement in her home state. Lyon had not only been a student, but was a teacher in her adulthood. Having struggled to finance her own education, she wanted to ensure that other women in her home state and throughout New England, no matter what economic group they were part of, could receive an education comparable to that of men. At this time, women were limited to being prepared only for homemaking and teaching. Defying conventional behavior, Lyon traveled and fundraised in the public eye to win support for her ideas. In 1837 Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary opened with 80 students. This was in South Hadley, and located in her native state of Massachusetts. It was an immediate success, and was overwhelmed by more students than the school could accommodate for. Lyon headed the organization for twelve years, which was until her death in ...

About the Pendentive in Architecture and Engineering

About the Pendentive in Architecture and Engineering A pendentive is a triangular piece beneath a dome that allows the dome to rise high above the floor. Usually ornamented and four to a dome, pendentives make the dome appear as if its hanging in the air, like a pendent. The word is from the Latin pendens meaning hanging.   Pendentives are used for stabilizing a round dome on a square frame, resulting in enormous interior open space beneath the dome. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction defines a pendentive as One of a set of curved wall surfaces which form a transition between a dome (or its drum) and the supporting masonry. Architectural historian G. E. Kidder Smith has defined the pendentive as A triangular spheroid section used to effect the transition from a square or polygonal base to a dome above. How did early structural engineers design round domes to be supported over square buildings? Beginning in about A.D. 500, builders began using pendentives to create additional height and carry the weight of domes in early Christian architecture of the Byzantine era. Dont worry if you just cant visualize this engineering. It took civilization hundreds of years to figure out the geometry and physics. Pendentives are significant in the history of architecture because they defined a new engineering technique that allowed interior domes to rise to new heights. Pendentives alsocreated a geometrically interesting interior space to be ornamented. Four pendentive areas could tell a visual story. More than anything, however, pendentives tell the real story of architecture. Architecture is about solving problems. For early Christians the problem was how to create soaring interiors that expresses mans adoration of God. Architecture also evolves over time. We say that architects build on each others discoveries, which makes the art and craft an iterative process. Many, many domes fell down into a crumble of ruin before the mathematics of geometry solved the problem. Pendentives allowed domes to soar and gave artists another canvas - the triangular pendentive became a defined, framed space. The Geometry of Pendentives Although Romans experimented with pendentives early on, the structural use of pendentives was an Eastern idea for Western architecture. It was not until the Byzantine period and under the Eastern Empire that the enormous structural possibilities of the pendentive were appreciated, writes Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA. To support a dome over the corners of a square room, builders realized that the diameter of the dome had to equal the diagonal of the room and not its width. Professor Hamlin explains: To understand the form of a pendentive, it is only necessary to place half an orange with its flat side down on a plate and cut equal portions vertically off the sides. What is left of the original hemisphere is called a pendentive dome. Each vertical cut will be in the shape of a semicircle. Sometimes these semicircles were built as independent arches to support the upper spherical surface of the dome. If the top of the orange is cut off horizontally at the height of the top of these semicircles, the traingular pieces still left will be exactly the shape of pendentives. This new circle can be made the base for a new complete dome, or a vertical cylinder can be built upon it to support another dome higher up. - Talbot Hamlin Summary: The Pendentive Look Sixth Century, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, Salvator Barki/Moment/Getty Images 18th Century, Paris Pantheon, Chesnot/Getty Images 18th Century, St. Pauls Cathedral Dome, London, Peter Adams/Getty Images 18th Century, Mission Church in Conc, Arroyo Seco, Querà ©taro, Mexico, AlejandroLinaresGarcia via Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Sources Source Book of American Architecture, G. E. Kidder Smith, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, p. 646Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 355Architecture through the Ages by Talbot Hamlin, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 229-230

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example According to Kahnweiler (2010),the introvert seeks solitude, thinks first before they speak, focuses on the depth of the problem and prefer writing to talking. They love to manage projects but prefer quiet spaces to do it. They dislike interruptions and they like to finish a project before moving on to a new one. It is noted by the news article that these employees communicate best through relationships and learning to engage them is important as they frequently harbor ideas that will move the team forward. The suggested tactic for dealing with this group of employees is to slow down in meetings, leaving space between directions. This allows this group to think about the issue and respond. Do not stop at their desk frequently. Be aware of what you need to say and bundle it into one visit. Use email or other writing tools to communicate and encourage balanced participation at meetings, allowing introverts to prepare ahead of time. (Kahnweiler, 2010). Sauer, Felsing, & Franke et.al. (2006), describes cognitive diversity and team performance in a diverse organization. As part of the diverse team is the introvert. We often put down the introvert because Freud did not like them and they have been criticized since. Sauer tells us that true to many other researchers, a diverse team is important and that includes the talents of the introvert. Introverts, according to Belleck, (2003) are energized by the internal world of ideas, impressions and emotion. They like to know a lot about what they experience and often build up large stores of knowledge that is often not tapped. This article supports the news article in the need of the introvert to manage projects and to finish a project before they move to a next one, assuring that it is complete. Belleck (2003) finishes her article by stating that a diverse team should include introverts as they are a stabilizing and knowledgeable base for the team as a whole. She goes on to say that provid ing for their communication style

The Homeless Just Need a Fighting Chance Article

The Homeless Just Need a Fighting Chance - Article Example This could further result in them being charged and fined for damaging the reputation of the hospital and shelters. The act of falsifying the home addresses for the homeless will result in the provision of wrong information thereby making their billing process insufficient. This will occur when accounting for and raising the funds incurred by the homeless when attaining medical care from both institutions. The fake addresses will also contribute to the obtaining of false figures concerning the number of people who are homeless within the city. This act will additionally bring problems to the health experts who have been bound by their ethical codes of conduct into abstaining from providing false information concerning their patients. On discovering that the information provided concerning the homeless is fake, the homeless people will most likely undergo greater scrutiny before being provided with healthcare services. In addition to the scrutiny being carried out on the patients, the re will be a lot of mistrust among the shelter managers and the management of Ridgefield hospital. This is because they will have previously been deceived by Mayer and Evans in the course of providing their healthcare services through their provision of false information. ... Eventually, the government might result into developing better strategies to take care of the homeless and improve on their living standards (Barrington 212). 2. Strategy For Securing Medical And Shelter Care For Homeless People With Health Problems The strategy to be applied will be guided by various principles at its inception, which will include the setting of targets, beginning work on the set objectives and ensuring accountability for the results that are obtained. It will also involve keeping the strategy alive while continuing with the task of seeking finances to support it. These activities will all be carried out in the course of planning on the new strategy to utilize (Hombs 323). A team of experts should first be sent out to evaluate other healthcare strategies for the homeless people that have been applied successfully. This team should then indulge in the monitoring of the health records for their homeless societies within the previous years. The information will be vita l in evaluating the treatments offered to them and its quality (Hombs 325). They will then be involved in gathering and evaluating the new knowledge along with the changes that should be considered when setting their priorities. These activities will then be followed by the act of seeking financial support for their new strategy. The adopted strategy will have three major development stages, which will include the provision of housing facilities and sufficient medical care, the process of reaching out to the homeless and engaging them in the activities of the approach adopted. Eventually, the prevention of other people becoming homeless through the provision of adequate housing facilities will then take place. The provision of adequate housing facilities for the homeless will be done

An Inspector Calls Essay Example for Free

An Inspector Calls Essay I believe that An Inspector Calls is a successful play because all audiences enjoy suspense and tension, and in this story they run rampant. The tense atmosphere and great pace means that the audience never gets bored. The feelings from the characters can be related to real life and this makes the play that bit more believable. The issues in the play are also issues of today, the prejudice and social class, mean a lot in the play and to some extent they also appear in modern day life. The rich expect different treatment from those of lower classes and also expect a different set of laws. The way the inspector talks to the Birlings and to Gerald Croft brings them down to a different level to the one that they are used to. The inspector questions things that Mr Birling thinks are not for him to question. Mr Birling: . I refused of course Inspector: Why? Mr Birling (surprised): did you say why? The inspector, it seems, will not be intimidated by Mr Birling. Mr Birling: How do you get on with our Chief constable, Colonel Roberts? Inspector: I dont see much of him. Mr Birling: Perhaps I ought to warn you that hes an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly regularly. .. Inspector (dryly): I dont play golf. This shows that the inspector means business and will not be threatened off the case. This conflict runs through the play and the audience is awed by the way that the inspector coolly and calmly handles the investigation. He has an aura of mystery about him that audiences love. The name Goole, could be a clever trick on words, Goole sounds the same as Ghoul. One meaning a supernatural beast and the other a simple name. This theory fits in with the content of the play, the inspector is not intimidated by threats, each line of enquiry has a result, this is incredible almost as if he knew what they were going to say, as Sheila notes Sheila (slowly): We hardly ever told him anything that he didnt know. Did you notice that? It is almost as if the inspector has been sent from the future to show the Birlings the error of their ways. Sheila points out again; Sheila (passionately): Youre pretending everythings just as it is before. And Sheila: I tell you whoever that inspector was it was far from a joke. You knew it then. You began to learn something. And now youve stopped. The inspector wrenches them from their cosy world and shows them a bit of the real world. None of the family (Except the younger generation) knows what their town is really like, as Mrs Birling exclaims; Mrs Birling (staggered): Well, really! Alderman Meggarty! I must say, we are learning something tonight. The atmosphere also has a large influence on the audience. It fluctuates greatly from being light and airy when they are celebrating to when the inspector is questioning and during the final part it is dark and sombre. This has a very dramatic effect and compels you to continue reading the play if you are watching the play unfold before you the effect, I expect, is magnified. Most plots have one twist but this play has several. The audience is enthralled that a respectable middle class family could be responsible for such a death. The audience waits patiently for the inspector to implicate and arrest one but much to their surprise he implicates all of them in the suicide, each accusation getting worse from firing her as an employee to being impregnated by a young drunkard. This fact means that the audience gradually build up their suspense for the final character Eric. But another twist is evoked and the inspector does not arrest anybody. The final twist though is the greatest. As the play draws to a close, the phone rings it is the Police Station phoning to say that a young girl has just died and that an inspector will be over to ask a few questions. This is ironic in the extreme, the play has come full circle and is about to start all over again it seems. Any thing that keeps the audience waiting or does not expect, the audience likes and this final twist is certainly not expected. Another factor to the written marvel that is this play is the timing of bells or the telephone. At the beginning of the play when Mr Birling is giving the two young boys some good advice he is interrupted by the arrival of the inspector. Mr Birling (solemnly): .. that a man has to mind his own business and look after his own and We hear the sharp ring of a frond door bell. BIRLING stops to listen. It is ironic that Mr Birling is saying that every man has to mind of his own business and should look after himself. The inspector makes them see other peoples problems and not just there own. Each of the characters are implicated, this is ironic because they all say that they had nothing to/or to do with the girl. It is also ironic that Mrs Birling implicates her son. Mrs Birling(severely):. And if youd take some steps to find this young man and then make sure that he is compelled to confess in public his responsibility- instead of staying here asking unnecessary questions then you would really be doing your duty. ..Mrs Birling (understanding now): But surely I mean. its ridiculous The whole play is set in one room. This means that the characters have to focus on the characters because there is no new scene for their eyes to explore. As a result they can get an understanding of the characters that some other plays dont allow, the audience feels that they are a part of events they can relate to images and ideas explored in the play and so this makes the play that bit more vivid and exciting. It is for these reasons that the play is so successful. There are many topics that can be related to todays life, this provokes thoughts from the audience that they would not otherwise had. The characters in the play are easy to relate to and are a masterful creation, because of this the story is easy to follow and involving for the audience. The plot has been written so that things you expect to happen, happen, but they still surprise you, and things that you as the audience dont expect to happen still happen. All of these things contribute to a beautifully crafted and thought out play and this makes it one of my favorites.

Jesse James :: essays research papers

Jesse Woodson James was viewed in two ways; a modern Robin Hood and a killer. He was born in Kearney, Missouri on September 5, 1847. Some people say it was the cruel treatment from Union soldiers that turned Frank and Jesse to a life of crime during the Civil War. During the Civil War, at age 15, he joined Quantrill's Raiders, a group of pro-Confederate guerillas. He was part of the Centralia massacre in 1864. He is also known to have been a spy for the rebel army. Jesse was wounded while surrendering. He took a bullet through one of his lungs. He was nursed back to health and within a year, Frank and Jesse are believed to have pulled off the first daylight bank robbery during peacetime. They made off with $60,000 from the Liberty, Mo. bank and one man was killed. For the next 15 years, the James boys roamed throughout the U.S. robbing trains and banks of their gold, building a legend that was to live more than a century after Jesse's death. Jesse married his own first cousin after a nine-year courtship. She was named for his own mother, Zerelda. They had two children, Jesse Edwards and Mary. Frank and Jesse had talked about forming a gang with Cole Younger, but Jesse was not with them when they committed their first robbery in February of 1866. Jesse joined in October. It wasn’t until March 1867 that they pulled their first job together. They tried to rob a bank at Savannah. All three aimed at the bank president, but all were bad shots and only one bullet barely touched him. This job was not successful. Two months later a man and his fifteen-year-old son were found dead and the blame was placed on Jesse. He was very attached to his mother and usually hid out at her house after pulling a job. The Pinkerton Detective Agency was called in to help catch the James/ Younger Gang. During a nighttime raid on the family home a firebomb was tossed into the log cabin. The explosion tore off the hand of Jesse's mother, and killed his half- brother. One of their most famous rides was in September of 1876. Jesses gang tried to take the Northfield, Minn. Bank. The town people fired at them and all except for Frank and Jesse were killed, wounded or captured.

Legal and Ethics

Stakeholdes are people who hold a stake or some share in a certain company, system or an issue. The analysis of stakeholders is a way of discerning a company or the system itself, wherein areas such as power, objectives, aims, position and relationships can be looked into. An analysis of these stakeholders will show a pattern of communication, conflict and understanding between these shareholders. This will help in resolving any differences and issues. According to ICRA these are different types of stakeholders,  ·      Key stakeholder. Are those stakeholders who have a great influence over the project and its success involved.  ·      Primary stakeholder. Are those stakeholders who are direct beneficiaries of the results and the of the project.  ·    Secondary stakeholder. Are those stakeholders who act as â€Å"intermediaries† inside a project or a system.  ·   Active stakeholders. These stakeholders directly affect or may even determine decisions and actions in a project or a system.  ·    Passive stakeholders. These are stakeholders who are directly affected by any decions and actions taken by the others.  ·   Important stakeholders. These stakeholders are very important to the project itself. Their needs are of high signifcance.  ·    Influential stakeholders. These are stakeholders who have the influence or the power to make decions regarding an activity or who can convince others in making a decion. Any ethical obligations to the stakeholder can be easily balanced by offereing them substantial roles of responisibility. According to Bittner and Spence (2002), you need to identify the type of stakeholder for the kind of role. These roles can be that of ambassadors (Key/Influential/Important stakeholders), advisors (Active/Primary stakeholders), visionaries (Active), executive sponsors (Passive stakeholders) marketeers (Passive/Secondary stakeholders) or standard users (Secondary stakeholders). These roles can be interchangable depending on the responsibility that is involved and the influence that the stakeholder has in the project or the system. According to Robertson (2000), the first step would be to identidy the requiremnts and inturn to identify the stakeholders. Next step would be to recognize the kind of role they plan to play in the project along with their level of involvemnt and commitment to the project. This will very well enable us to understand any conflicts that arise and help us to comeup with any resolutions for it. Stakeholders are very important people irrespective of the kind of role they play. All need to be respected and taken care of equally so that the project does not suffer in the long run but instead benefits with the experience and idealogies of such capable and able people. References ICRA. ICRA Learning Materials – Stakeholders – Key Concepts. Bittner, K, Spence, I (2002). Use Case Modeling. Addison-Wesley Professional. System design Robertson. S (2000). Project Sociology:Identifying and involving the stakeholders. The Atlantic Systems Guild Ltd

The Net Present Value method

1. Net Present Value ApproachThe Net Present Value method, which abides with the time value of money principle, is a capital expenditure appraisal method, which seeks the total future net cash inflow/outflow the project will provide in today’s terms.   Indeed, the expected net cash inflow/outflow of every year is discounted with a cost of capital rate determined by the company. There is not standard cost of capital that can be used, because it is different for every organization and project undertaken.   The main components of discounting are the inflation rate, the risk-free component, general risk premium and property-specific risk premium.   These stem from the cost derived from the finance medium selected, risk of the project failing to provide the anticipated cash inflows and the rate of return attained from comparable capital projects.   The factors mentioned above will differ between companies and projects, thus substantiating the point of no standard discount r ate.Both the net present method and the other techniques described below hold the following assumptions:†¢ Uncertainty does not exist.   Random and unexpected fluctuations are therefore not considered in the capital expenditure appraisal method.†¢   A perfect capital market exists, which implies that unlimited funds can be obtained with the market rate of interest set.The higher the net present value attained, the more financially viable is the project at hand.   With the exception of the time value of money concept, no other qualitative characteristics are considered by this method.1.1   Internal Rate of ReturnThis method also uses the time value of money concept.   Under this technique, the discounted cash flow principle is applied in a less practical way.   The internal rate of return is determined in this method normally by trial and error.   This is the point at which the projects will break-even leading to a zero net present value.   A capital project is financially viable if the internal rate of return is greater than the discount factor applied for the project.   In fact, the higher the internal rate of return the greater the financial feasibility of the project at hand, because the higher is the margin of safety of the project not incurring a loss.1.2   Modified Internal Rate of ReturnAs its name implies this is a modified capital expenditure appraisal technique of the method described in the previous section.   The modification mainly stems from compounding all positive cash flows forward to end of the capital project duration.   The figure attained by the modified internal rate of return method is the one that portrays the present value of all cash outflows together with the future value of all cash inflows.The internal rate of return weakness that is mitigated by this method, which is also outlined in the next section, is the multiple root problem that is encountered when discounting cash outflows to the present da te.1.3 Advantages and Limitations of Capital Project Evaluation MethodsThe adoption of discounting, which adheres with the time value of money principle, which takes into account important business and economic factors such as the inflation rate, the risk-free component, general risk premium and property-specific risk premium is considered both by the internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return technique and net present value method.   Even though they are more complex in nature and require more technical calculations, these three methods provide valuable financial information of a much better quality due to such feature.When the capital projects evaluated are not mutually exclusive and can be considered independently during the valuation, the net present value method and the internal rate of return approach will provide identical results, leading to the same decision.   However, the scale of the project is properly considered by the former capital expenditure appr aisal model, because it is an absolute measure of the project’s financial return.   On the contrary, the internal rate of return system adopts a relative measure to the project’s size and cash flow timing in relation to initial capital expenditure.   Therefore when projects are mutually exclusive and ranking is necessary in the business valuation, these two methods may provide dissimilar results.   The net present value method provides financial information of greater quality in such instances because it directs towards the capital project that holds the highest increase in financial wealth for the organization.   In addition, the ranking exercise is much easier to apply when the net present value method is adopted for mutually exclusive projects.The internal rate of return model can also provide misleading information when cash flows are non-conventional in the capital project examined.   In such cases, a nil or a vast number of internal rates of return may be derived, which would render the application of such method useless.   This problem does not apply to the net present value method.Even thought, the internal rate of return method had been improved by the adoption of the modified internal rate of return technique the net present value method is still the best method that an organization can adopt in order to value its capital projects.   We ought to keep in mind that only one limitation is removed with the application of the modified internal rate of return method.   In this section more were noted, that may provide inaccurate financial information leading to wrong decisions.References:Brockington B. R. (1993). Financial Management. Sixth Edition. London: DP Publications.Drury C. (1996). Management and Cost Accounting. Fourth Edition. New York: International Thomson Business Press.Lucey T. (2003). Management Accounting. Fifth Edition. Great Britain: Biddles Limited.Randall H. (1999).   A Level Accounting.   Third Edition .   Great Britain:   Ashford Colour Press Ltd.

Normal Nuts Essay example

Normal Nuts Essay example Normal Nuts Essay example Normal Nuts ENC 1101 (02) Informative Essay (Surprise Reversal) Television host, actor, and comedian Howie Mandel is married with three children but is most recognizable for his role on America’s Got Talent but did you know he also suffers from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (Mandel). A common misconception in society is that someone with a mental illness cannot function normally in society and needs to be locked up in an institution. It is often forgotten that mental illnesses are in fact, actual medical conditions and not just a word used to label crazy people. Some mental illnesses that people have stigmas about are Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia. In actuality people with mental illnesses can hold jobs, have families, and lead productively lives once treated properly (Fisher

Achieving Competitive Advantage In The Biotechnology Sector Commerce Essay

Achieving Competitive Advantage In The Biotechnology Sector Commerce Essay Biotechnology can be generally defined as the use of living things to create products or to do tasks for human beings. Biotechnology or biotech is used in industry, medicine and agriculture to produce foods, medicine, and test for diseases and remove wastes. (Biotechnologyonline, n.d) As such, there are different types of biotech such as green technology, red technology, and white technology and Bio fuels. In this report, we will have an insight into each of these branches of biotech and use various analytical tools to evaluate how knowledge management is playing a role in creating competitive advantage for companies in the sector. In so doing, we shall look at the Green biotech, Red biotech, White biotech and bio fuel respectively. Green Biotechnology Green technology, otherwise known as plant or agricultural technology is a branch of biotechnology (biotech) which â€Å"involves the introduction of foreign genes into economically important species, resulting in crop improvement an d the production of novel products in plants†. (123biotech, n.d.). To better understand the role of knowledge management in harnessing a competitive advantage in this branch of biotechnology, we will take Monsanto as case example. Monsanto is the world’s leading green technology company ahead of rival such as DuPont. (SmartMoney, 2009). The company specialises in breeding (improving the genetic base through technology of crops thus increase yield and genetic engineering (by enhancing generic traits in crops such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance and drought-tolerance). (SmartMoney, 2009 and Monsanto, n.d.) As with its sister braches such as bioinformatics, white technology(industrial biotechnology), red technology(pharmaceuticals) as well as biofuels, green technology and companies associated with it like Monsanto, are not left unscathed by critics. For instance, Monsanto and its counterpatrs , through its use of plant technology has been criticised of endangeri ng human, the environment and socio-economic.( Friends of the earth, 2006). Significance of Green Technology However, the following advantages are beign celebrated by its supporters: Protection of Crops: for instance, the AT-DBF2 gene from Arabidopsis Thaliana crop injected into plants to enable them withstands Osmotic stress such as drought, salt and stress. (PNAS, n.d.) Increase Crop yield: during the teething years of biotechnology in term of Genetically Modified Food, there has been a widespread criticism of GMO claiming that GM Crops do not increase crop yield, that on the contrary it, reduces it. (Truth about Trade and Technology, 2009). These claims were dismissed by the then USA president Jimmy Carter who stated that, â€Å"responsible biotechnology is not the enemy; starvation is.† (Biotechnology Industry Organisation, n.d.)His favourable stance towards green biotechnology because of organisms like the Bacillus Thuringiensis used to produce the BT-corn. Introduces in 1996, the â€Å"Bt corn has the potential to simplify management and effectively control corn borers throughout the season† thus increasing its yield. (College of Agriculture, n.d.) Improved Food Quality: an example of this was the invention of the Golden Rice by Prof Potrykus and Prof. Beyer of ETH-Zurich and University of Freiburg respectively. The Golden rice is believed to alleviate Vitamin A deficiency in young people especially in the developing world. (Golden Rice, n.d.) Another example is the Maltogenic Amylase used for â€Å"Retardation of staling in baked food†, such as bread and cakes. (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1997)

Lee Miller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lee Miller - Research Paper Example In 1929 she searched out Man Ray in Paris and turned into his understudy, mate and muse. She additionally featured in Jean Cocteaus point of interest film â€Å"The Blood of a Poet† (Haworth 15). Lee Miller as an artist was the muse of Man Ray as well as his student and soon his partner. She gained from one of the best cutting edge photographic artists, mastering lighting, printing and the methodology of "solarization" - a method for turning around highlights into blacks - they ran across together. She made a representation toward oneself titled lee mill operator standard lee mill operator and helped Paris "Vogue" as both model and picture taker. She made representations and mocking drawings, captured baffling road scenes, rich close reflections and pictures like Blasting Hand which embody the convulsive magnificence lectured by the organizer of Surrealism, Andrà © Breton. She likewise made the absolute most radical photos of the naked of the Surrealist age - nudes which have been depicted as changing the female middle into a phallus (Conekin 57). Lee Miller travelled to London in 1939 to live with Roland Penrose. She prepared her Surrealist eye on the disarray of Blitzed London for her first book, Horrid Glory (1940). She began working for British "Vogue" in 1940 and turned into the magazines work-horse and most productive patron. Mill operator assumed each sort of photographic work for the magazine, whether documentary, picture or design. She started composition characteristic articles in 1944 with a profile of the American radio television star Ed Murrow. The "Life" photographic artist David E. Scherman turned into her coach in photojournalism, her sweetheart and companion. Before long she was traveling to France as an authorize war journalist for Vogue. The magazine distributed Millers singing dispatches on field healing facilities in Normandy, the Liberation of Paris, the battling around the German-possessed bastion in St Malo, the